Effective nuclear charge (Clementi) - 3d

Consider the third electron in a lithium atom. It is affected by the charge on the nucleus (+3). However it is also repelled by the charge on the inner two electrons. Electrons in the 1s orbital are much closer to the nucleus than any electrons in the 2s or 2p orbital. The two inner electrons in the 1s orbital screen the third electron from the full effect of the nuclear +3 charge. The difference between the full nuclear charge, Z, and the screening effect of the inner two electrons is called the effective nuclear charge, or Zeff. In general, for any many-electron atom, any particular electron will always be screened from the nucleus to some extent by the remaining electrons.

Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for effective nuclear charge (Clementi) - 3d in a circular periodic table heatscape style.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for effective nuclear charge (Clementi) - 3d in a spiral periodic table heatscape style.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for effective nuclear charge (Clementi) - 3d in a 3D spiral periodic table column style in which the height of the column is proportional to the property.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for effective nuclear charge (Clementi) - 3d in a 3D spiral periodic table column style in which the height of the column is proportional to the property.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for effective nuclear charge (Clementi) - 3d in a 3D spiral periodic table column style in which the height of the column is proportional to the property.
Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for effective nuclear charge (Clementi) - 3d in a 3D spiral periodic table column style in which the height of the column is proportional to the property. The only differences between this picture and that above are the colours of the background and the base.

Units

nuclear charge units

Notes

The numbers quoted here were calculated using methods known as "self-consistent-field" (SCF) calculations.

You can view values in a number of graphic styles for electrons contained in the follwing orbitals:

Literature sources

  1. E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 2686.
  2. E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.
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