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Europium - 63Eu: properties of free atoms

Europium atoms have 63 electrons and the shell structure is  2.8.18.25.8.2.

The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral europium is  [Xe].4f7.6s2 and the term symbol is  8S7/2.

Kossel shell structure of europium
Schematic electronic configuration of europium.
Kossel shell structure of europium
The Kossel shell structure of europium.

Atomic spectrum

 

A representation of the atomic spectrum of europium.

Ionisation Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of europium is < 50 0.5 eV kJ mol‑1. The ionisation energies of europium are given below.

Ionisation energies of europium
Ionisation energy number Enthalpy / kJ mol‑1
1st547.11
2nd1084.5
3rd2400
4th4140
5th6100
6th8590
7th10100
8th11600
9th13900
10th15500
11th17700
12th20600 (calculated)
13th23400
14th25400
15th27100
16th30000
17th33200
18th50000
19th53400
20th56900
21st60800
Ionisation energies of europium
Ionisation energies of europium.

Effective Nuclear Charges

The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Zeff. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.

Effective nuclear charges for europium
1s61.76  
2s46.47 2p58.72  
3s42.87 3p43.28 3d49.25  
4s32.87 4p31.87 4d28.94 4f24.32
5s18.59 5p16.56 5d(no data)  
6s8.12 6p(no data)  
7s   

References

These effective nuclear charges, Zeff, are adapted from the following references:

  1. E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 2686.
  2. E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.

Electron binding energies

Electron binding energies for europium. All values of electron binding energies are given in eV. The binding energies are quoted relative to the vacuum level for rare gases and H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2 molecules; relative to the Fermi level for metals; and relative to the top of the valence band for semiconductors.
Label Orbital eV [literature reference]
K 1s48519 [1]
L I2s8052 [1]
L II2p1/27617 [1]
L III2p3/26977 [1]
M I3s1800 [1]
M II3p1/21614 [1]
M III3p3/21481 [1]
M IV3d3/21158.6 [2]
M V3d5/21127.5 [2]
N I4s360 [1]
N II4p1/2284 [1]
N III4p3/2257 [1]
N IV4d3/2133 [1]
N V4d5/2127.7 [2]
N VI4f5/20 [1]
N VII4f7/20 [1]
O I5s32 [1]
O II5p1/222 [1]
O III5p3/222 [1]

Notes

I am grateful to Gwyn Williams (Jefferson Laboratory, Virginia, USA) who provided the electron binding energy data. The data are adapted from references 1-3. They are tabulated elsewhere on the WWW (reference 4) and in paper form (reference 5).

References

  1. J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, "Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels," Rev. Mod. Phys., 1967, 39, 125.
  2. M. Cardona and L. Ley, Eds., Photoemission in Solids I: General Principles (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) with additional corrections, 1978.
  3. Gwyn Williams WWW table of values
  4. D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 81st edition, 2000.
  5. J. C. Fuggle and N. Mårtensson, "Core-Level Binding Energies in Metals," J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 21, 275.