Cadmium - 48Cd: properties of free atoms
Cadmium atoms have 48 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.18.2.
The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral cadmium is [Kr].4d10.5s2 and the term symbol is 1S0.
Atomic spectrum
A representation of the atomic spectrum of cadmium.
Ionisation Energies and electron affinity
The electron affinity of cadmium is < 0 0 eV kJ mol‑1. The ionisation energies of cadmium are given below.
Effective Nuclear Charges
The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Zeff. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.
1s | 47.03 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2s | 35.39 | 2p | 43.91 | ||||
3s | 30.84 | 3p | 30.69 | 3d | 33.61 | ||
4s | 20.87 | 4p | 19.41 | 4d | 15.88 | 4f | (no data) |
5s | 8.19 | 5p | (no data) | 5d | (no data) | ||
6s | (no data) | 6p | (no data) | ||||
7s |
References
These effective nuclear charges, Zeff, are adapted from the following references:
- E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 2686.
- E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.
Electron binding energies
Label | Orbital | eV [literature reference] |
---|---|---|
K | 1s | 26711 [1] |
L I | 2s | 4018 [1] |
L II | 2p1/2 | 3727 [1] |
L III | 2p3/2 | 3538 [1] |
M I | 3s | 772 [3] |
M II | 3p1/2 | 652.6 [3] |
M III | 3p3/2 | 618.4 [3] |
M IV | 3d3/2 | 411.9 [3] |
M V | 3d5/2 | 405.2 [3] |
N I | 4s | 109.8 [3] |
N II | 4p1/2 | 63.9 [3, one-particle approximation not valid owing to short core-hole lifetime] |
N III | 4p3/2 | 63.9 [3, one-particle approximation not valid owing to short core-hole lifetime] |
N IV | 4d3/2 | 11.7 [3] |
N V | 4d5/2 | 10.7 [3] |
Notes
I am grateful to Gwyn Williams (Jefferson Laboratory, Virginia, USA) who provided the electron binding energy data. The data are adapted from references 1-3. They are tabulated elsewhere on the WWW (reference 4) and in paper form (reference 5).
References
- J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, "Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels," Rev. Mod. Phys., 1967, 39, 125.
- M. Cardona and L. Ley, Eds., Photoemission in Solids I: General Principles (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) with additional corrections, 1978.
- Gwyn Williams WWW table of values
- D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 81st edition, 2000.
- J. C. Fuggle and N. Mårtensson, "Core-Level Binding Energies in Metals," J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 21, 275.