โ–ธโ–ธ
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง Promethium
  • ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฆ ะŸั€ะพะผะตั‚ั–ะน
  • ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ณ ้‰•
  • ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ Promethium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ท Prométhium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ช Promethium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฑ ืคืจื•ืžืชื™ื•ื
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡น Prometio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ใƒ—ใƒญใƒกใƒใ‚ฆใƒ 
  • ๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡น Promécio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡ธ Prometio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ช Prometium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ ะŸั€ะพะผะตั‚ะธะน

Promethium - 61Pm: properties of free atoms

Promethium atoms have 61 electrons and the shell structure is  2.8.18.23.8.2.

The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral promethium is  [Xe].4f5.6s2 and the term symbol is  6H5/2.

Kossel shell structure of promethium
Schematic electronic configuration of promethium.
Kossel shell structure of promethium
The Kossel shell structure of promethium.

Atomic spectrum

 

A representation of the atomic spectrum of promethium.

Ionisation Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of promethium is < 50 0.5 eV kJ mol‑1. The ionisation energies of promethium are given below.

Ionisation energies of promethium
Ionisation energy number Enthalpy / kJ mol‑1
1st538.10
2nd1055.4
3rd2170
4th3970
5th5950
6th8200
7th9750
8th11200
9th13300
10th15000
11th16800
12th19500 (calculated)
13th22100
14th23900
15th26000
16th41500
17th44600
18th48000
19th51500
20th54900
21st58800
Ionisation energies of promethium
Ionisation energies of promethium.

Effective Nuclear Charges

The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Zeff. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.

Effective nuclear charges for promethium
1s59.80  
2s44.97 2p56.74  
3s41.18 3p41.55 3d47.10  
4s31.64 4p30.62 4d27.74 4f23.13
5s18.84 5p16.41 5d(no data)  
6s9.40 6p(no data)  
7s   

References

These effective nuclear charges, Zeff, are adapted from the following references:

  1. E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 2686.
  2. E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.

Electron binding energies

Electron binding energies for promethium. All values of electron binding energies are given in eV. The binding energies are quoted relative to the vacuum level for rare gases and H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2 molecules; relative to the Fermi level for metals; and relative to the top of the valence band for semiconductors.
Label Orbital eV [literature reference]
K 1s45184 [1]
L I2s7428 [1]
L II2p1/27013 [1]
L III2p3/26459 [1]
M I3s -
M II3p1/21471.4 [1]
M III3p3/21357 [1]
M IV3d3/21052 [1]
M V3d5/21027 [1]
N I4s -
N II4p1/2242 [1]
N III4p3/2242 [1]
N IV4d3/2120 [1]
N V4d5/2120 [1]
N VI4f5/2 -
N VII4f7/2 -
O I5s -
O II5p1/2 -
O III5p3/2 -

Notes

I am grateful to Gwyn Williams (Jefferson Laboratory, Virginia, USA) who provided the electron binding energy data. The data are adapted from references 1-3. They are tabulated elsewhere on the WWW (reference 4) and in paper form (reference 5).

References

  1. J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, "Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels," Rev. Mod. Phys., 1967, 39, 125.
  2. M. Cardona and L. Ley, Eds., Photoemission in Solids I: General Principles (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) with additional corrections, 1978.
  3. Gwyn Williams WWW table of values
  4. D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 81st edition, 2000.
  5. J. C. Fuggle and N. Mårtensson, "Core-Level Binding Energies in Metals," J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 21, 275.