Thulium - 69Tm: properties of free atoms
Thulium atoms have 69 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.31.8.2.
The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral thulium is [Xe].4f13.6s2 and the term symbol is 2F7/2.
Atomic spectrum
A representation of the atomic spectrum of thulium.
Ionisation Energies and electron affinity
The electron affinity of thulium is 50 1.029(22) eV kJ mol‑1. The ionisation energies of thulium are given below.
Effective Nuclear Charges
The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Zeff. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.
1s | 67.66 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2s | 50.95 | 2p | 64.64 | ||||
3s | 47.92 | 3p | 48.48 | 3d | 55.37 | ||
4s | 37.14 | 4p | 35.99 | 4d | 32.94 | 4f | 28.63 |
5s | 20.04 | 5p | 17.73 | 5d | (no data) | ||
6s | 8.58 | 6p | (no data) | ||||
7s |
References
These effective nuclear charges, Zeff, are adapted from the following references:
- E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 2686.
- E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.
Electron binding energies
Label | Orbital | eV [literature reference] |
---|---|---|
K | 1s | 59390 [1] |
L I | 2s | 10116 [1] |
L II | 2p1/2 | 9617 [1] |
L III | 2p3/2 | 8648 [1] |
M I | 3s | 2307 [1] |
M II | 3p1/2 | 2090 [1] |
M III | 3p3/2 | 1885 [1] |
M IV | 3d3/2 | 1515 [1] |
M V | 3d5/2 | 1468 [1] |
N I | 4s | 470.9 [2] |
N II | 4p1/2 | 385.9 [2] |
N III | 4p3/2 | 332.6 [2] |
N IV | 4d3/2 | 175.5 [2] |
N V | 4d5/2 | 175.5 [2] |
N VI | 4f5/2 | - |
N VII | 4f7/2 | 4.6 [1] |
O I | 5s | 54.7 [2] |
O II | 5p1/2 | 31.8 [2] |
O III | 5p3/2 | 25 [2] |
Notes
I am grateful to Gwyn Williams (Jefferson Laboratory, Virginia, USA) who provided the electron binding energy data. The data are adapted from references 1-3. They are tabulated elsewhere on the WWW (reference 4) and in paper form (reference 5).
References
- J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, "Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels," Rev. Mod. Phys., 1967, 39, 125.
- M. Cardona and L. Ley, Eds., Photoemission in Solids I: General Principles (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) with additional corrections, 1978.
- Gwyn Williams WWW table of values
- D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 81st edition, 2000.
- J. C. Fuggle and N. Mårtensson, "Core-Level Binding Energies in Metals," J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 21, 275.