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| Atomic orbitals |
| Level 1 1s |
| Level 2 2s 2p |
| Level 3 3s 3p 3d |
| Level 4 4s 4p 4d 4f |
| Level 5 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g |
| Level 6 6s 6p 6d 6f 6g |
| Level 7 7s 7p 7d 7f 7g |
| Hybrid orbitals |
| 2s+2p hybrids sp sp2 sp3 |
| 3s+3p+3d hybrids dsp3 d2sp3 |
| Molecular orbitals |
| H2, dihydrogen σ* σ |
| N2, dinitrogen σp* πx* πy* σp πx πy σs* σs |
| Introduction | Dots! | ||||
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Molecular orbitals: H2
Bonding in hydrogen consists of a σ-bond. This can be represented by a molecular orbital constructed by the addition of the 1s wave functions for each hydrogen atom, follewed by scalingto an appropriate size. The animation below shows the interaction of hydrogen 1s orbitals on two hydrogen atoms as they approach. The black dots represent the H nuclei.
The σ-bond in dihydrogen (H2).
The interaction of hydrogen 1s orbitals on two hydrogen atoms as they approach.
Note that for a for a hydrogen atom the effective nuclear charge for its electron is 1. However in the H2 molecule the effective nuclear charge is a little higher and this has been factored into the animation. However, no attempt has been made to introduce the mixing of p functions into the animation.
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