Atomic orbitals 4p electron density

Animated plot of the 4p electron density function (ψ_4p)². The yellow zones are where the wave function has positive values and the white zones denote negative values. There are three 4p orbitals. These have the same shape but are aligned differently in space. The three 4p orbitals normally used are labelled 4p_x, 4p_y, and 4p_z.

The graph on the right is a plot of values along a single line drawn through the nucleus while the surface plot on the left shows values of (ψ_4p)² on a plane including the nucleus.

The "surface" of the three-dimensional orbital at the top of each animation represents a set of points for which the electron density of that orbital is the same - an isosurface. By choosing different values of electron density, denoted by the bar moving up and down on the line plot or by the moving plane on the surface plot, then the size of the three-dimensional plot changes. Examine the 4p wave function plots for further information.

All values of electron density are of necessity not negative since the square of any real number cannot be less than zero.

Each 4p orbital has a planar node normal to the axis of the orbital (so the 4p_x orbital has a yz nodal plane, for instance) and two spherical nodal surfaces. The higher p-orbitals ( 5p, 6p, and 7p) are more complex since they have spherical nodes as well while lower p orbitals (2p, 3p) have fewer.